Foundational Sciences

Biology

Cells, DNA, genetics, and how living systems build and copy themselves.

6 lessons

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  1. Lesson 1 introductory Cell Structure and Organelles An introduction to the cell as the basic unit of life, comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and surveying the major organelles and the plasma membrane. 3 cites
  2. Lesson 2 introductory DNA Replication How cells copy their genome before division, covering the semi-conservative mechanism, the enzymes of the replication fork, leading versus lagging strand synthesis, and error correction. 3 cites
  3. Lesson 3 introductory Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation How the information in genes becomes protein, covering transcription of DNA into RNA, mRNA processing, translation at the ribosome, and the properties of the genetic code. 3 cites
  4. Lesson 4 introductory Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis A guided tour of how cells divide: the cell cycle, the phases of mitosis, the two divisions of meiosis, crossing over, and the errors that cause chromosome disorders. 3 cites
  5. Lesson 5 intermediate Genetics and Patterns of Inheritance How genes give rise to traits and pass between generations, covering alleles, genotype and phenotype, dominant and recessive inheritance, Punnett squares, and X-linked disorders. 3 cites
  6. Lesson 6 intermediate Cellular Respiration and Energy How cells extract energy from glucose, covering glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, aerobic versus anaerobic pathways, and why oxygen matters clinically. 3 cites